Table 1 The six-stage model of creative destruction

Precommodification

Inactive

Few

Largely positive

Productivist

Early commodification

Private-sector investments in commodification are initiated.

Preservationist activity may be initiated.

Policy promoting development may be implemented.

Some heritage seekers

Some awareness of negative implications

Advanced commodification

Active private-sector investments in commodification.

Growing numbers of heritage seekers

Increasing awareness of negative implications

Postproductivist heritage-scape

Early destruction

Very active private-sector investments. Some will deviate from the heritage theme.

Preservationists may actively oppose nonheritage investments (often unsuccessfully).

Public-sector policy/action promoting development may be implemented or continue.

Heritage seekers accompanied by postmodern tourists.

Much awareness of negative implications.

Advanced destruction

Scale of private-sector investment increases (e.g., hotels), with much deviation from the heritage theme.

Preservationists may actively oppose nonheritage investments (often successfully).

Prodevelopment policies/actions may be implemented or continue.

Postmodern tourists are in the majority.

The majority of residents offer negative comments; outmigration may occur.

Postdestruction

Nonheritage, private-sector investments dominate. Preservationist activity may be diminished. Prodevelopment policies may be in place.

Number of heritage seekers is very low.

The overall attitude in the community is positive, and few negative attitudes remain.

Neoproductivist leisure-scape